KARAKTERISTIK BATUBARA TERPENGARUH INTRUSI DI TAMBANG AIR LAYA, SUMATRA SELATAN DAN POTENSINYA SEBAGAI MATERIAL UNTUK PEMBUATAN GRAFIT SINTETIS
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HEAT-AFFECTED COAL IN AIR LAYA MINE, SOUTH SUMATRA AND ITS POTENTIAL AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF SYNTHETIC GRAPHITE
Abstrak
Grafit dapat diaplikasikan dalam berbagai macam kegunaan misal sebagai material tahan panas, baterai, dan elektroda. Material grafit bisa didapat melalui grafit sintetis yang berasal dari batubara antrasit yang terpanaskan pada suhu di atas 2000ºC. Kondisi batubara yang terpanaskan secara alami dapat ditemui pada batubara yang terpengaruh intrusi batuan beku di Tambang Air Laya (TAL), Tanjung Enim, Sumatra Selatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik batubara terpengaruh intrusi batuan beku dan potensinya sebagai material untuk pembentukan grafit sintetis. Empat sampel batubara yang berasal dari 4 seam dengan jarak bervariasi terhadap intrusi diambil dan dipreparasi untuk dilakukan analisis sayatan poles, random vitrinite reflectance (Rvr), proksimat, X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD), Total Carbon (TC), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC), serta analisis micro-Raman spectroscopy. Batubara terpengaruh intrusi batuan beku di lokasi penelitian mengalami kenaikan vitrinite reflectance dan kandungan fixed carbon (karbon tertambat) serta penurunan nilai moisture (kadar lengas) dan volatile matter (zat terbang) seiring berkurangnya jarak terhadap tubuh intrusi. Batubara seam A1 berperingkat low volatile bituminous coal (%Ro= 2,01%) yang memiliki jarak terdekat dengan tubuh intrusi memiliki derajat pembatubaraan dan kandungan presentase mineral tertinggi. Batubara seam A1 memiliki banyak asosiasi mineral lempung yang dijumpai seperti ilit, smektit, dan rektorit sehingga dapat meningkatkan derajat kristalinitas dalam proses pembatubaraan dan akan mempermudah pada proses pembentukan grafit sintesis dalam proses selanjutnya.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Referensi
Amijaya, H., dan Littke, R., 2005. Paleoenvironmental, paleoecological and thermal metamorphism implication on the organic petrography and organic geochemistry of Tertiary Tanjung Enim coal, South Sumatra Basin, Indonesia, [Dissertation]: Germany, RWTH Aachen, p.157.
Aoya, M., Kouketsu, Y., Endo, S., Shimizu, H., Mizukami, T., Nakamura, D., dan Wallis, S., 2010. Extending the applicability of the Raman carbonaceous-material geothermometer using data from contact metamorphic rocks, Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28, p. 895-914.
ASTM D2799-05a, 2005. Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Maceral Composition of Coal.
ASTM D3172-13, 2013. Standard Practice for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke, Annual Book of Standards, vol 05.
ASTM D3173-03, 2005. Test Method for Moisture in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke: Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke. vol. 05.
ASTM D3174-04, 2005. Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke: Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke. vol. 05.
ASTM D3175-02, 2005. Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke: Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke. vol. 05.
Beyssac, O., Chopin, C., Rouzaud, J.N. dan Goffe, B., 2002 Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer, Journal of Metamorphic Geology 20, p. 859–871. OK
Buseck, P., dan Beyssac, O., 2014. From Organic Matter to Graphite: Graphitization, Elements 10, p. 421-426.
Chen, P.Y., 1997. Table of Key Lines in X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Minerals in Clays and Associated Rocks, Department of Natural Resources Geological Survey Occasional Paper 21, p. 1-38.
de Coster, G.L., 1974. The Geology of Central and South Sumatra Basins. In: Proceedings 3rd Annual Convention Indonesian Petroleum Association, p. 77–110.
Chung, D.D.L., 2002. Review Graphite, Journal of Materials Science 37, p. 1475-1489.
Daly, M.C., Hooper, B.G.D., Smith, D.G., 1987. Tertiary plate tectonics and basin evolution in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 6th Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources of Southeast Asia (GEOSEA VI), Jakarta, p.1-28.
Darman, H., Sidi, F.H., 2000. An outline of the geology of Indonesia. Indonesian Association of Geologists, Jakarta. 254 p.
Daulay, B., Ningrum, N.S., Cook, A.C., 2000. Coalification of Indonesian coal, Proceedings of Southeast Coal Geology Conference: . Bandung, Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources of Indonesia, p. 85–92.
Diessel, C.F.K., 1992. Coal-bearing Depositional Systems. Springer Verlag, Berlin. p. 721.
Franklin, R.E., 1951. Crystallite growth in graphitizing and non-graphitizing carbons, Proceeding The Royal Society London A 209, p. 196–218.
Girard, I., and Klassen, R.A., 2001. A comparison of seven methods or analysis of carbon in soils, Geological Survey of Canada, Current Research 2001-E11, p. 9.
International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), 1998. The new vitrinite classification (ICCP System 1994), Fuel, vol.77, p. 349-358.
International Committee for Coal and Organic Petrology (ICCP), 2001. The new inertinite classification (ICCP System 1994), Fuel, vol. 80, halaman 459-471.
ISO7404-5,2009. Methods for the petrographic analysis of coals – Part 5: Method of determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite. Geneva, Switzerland. 14 pp.
Large, D.J., Christy, A.G., dan Fallick, A.E. 1994. Poorly crystalline carbonaceous matter in high grade metasediments: implications for graphitisation and metamorphic fluid compositions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: Berlin, Springer Verlag p. 108–116.
Levine, J.R., 1993. Coalification: The Evolution of Coal as Source Rock and Reservoir Rock for Oil and Gas: Alabama, University of Alabama, p. 39-77.
Lyons, P.c. and Chase, H.B., Jr., 1981. Rank of coal beds of the Narragansett Basin, Massachusetts and Rhode Island: International Journal of Coal Geology, v. 1, p. 155-168.
Maulana, A., Patria, A.A., dan Anggara, F., 2019. Pengaruh Intrusi Terhadap Kandungan Grafit di Batubara Tambang Air Laya Wilayah Pertambangan PTBA Tanjung Enim, Sumatra Selatan, Proceeding Seminar Nasional Kebumian ke-12: Yogyakarta, Teknik Geologi Universitas Gadjah Mada, p. 47-55.
Nakamura, Y., dan Akai, J., 2013. Microstructural evolution of carbonaceous material during graphitization in the Gyoja-yama contact aureole: HRTEM, XRD and Raman spectroscopic study, Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 108(3), p.131-143.
Oberlin, A., Terriere, G., 1975. Graphitization studies of anthracites by high resolution electron microscopy, Carbon 13, p. 367–376.
Olson, D.W., 2015. Graphite (Natural): U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2015, p. 68-69.
O'Neill, T., 2016. An investigation of the self-heating properties of heat-affected coal, [published thesis]: Brisbane, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, p. 56.
Pareek, H.S., 1965. Petrological Characteristic of Barakar Coal Seams, Metamorphosed by Lamprophyre Sill in The Jharia Coalfield, Bihar, Geological Survey of India, p. 261-270.
Pickel, W., Kus, J. Flores, D., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., Cardott, B.J., Misz-Kennan, M., Rodrigues, S., Hentschel, A., Hamor-Vido, M., Crosdale, P., dan Wagner, N., ICCP. 2017. Classification of liptinite – ICCP System 1994, International Journal of Coal Geology 169, p. 40-61.
PT. Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk., 2010. Internal Report on Geophysical Logging. [unpublished]
PT. Bukit Asam (Persero) Tbk., 2012. Internal Report on Intrusion Mapping. [unpublished]
Pujobroto, A., dan Hutton, A.C., 2000. Influence of andesitic intrusions on Bukit Asam coal, South Sumatra Basin Indonesia, Proceeding Southeast Coal Geology Conference: Bandung, Directorate General of Geology and Mineral Resources of Indonesia, p. 81–84.
Pujobroto, A., 1997. Organic petrology and geochemistry of Bukit Asam coal, South Sumatra, Indonesia, [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis]: Australia, University of Wollongong, p. 397.
Rimmer, S.M., Yoksoulian, L.E., Hower, J.C., 2009. Anatomy of an intruded coal, I: Effect of contact metamorphism on whole-coal geochemisry, Springfield (No.5) (Pennsylvanian) coal, Illinois Basin, International Journal Coal Geology 79, p. 74-82.
Rodrigues, S., Marques, M., Edward, C.R., Suárez-Ruiz, I., Flores, D., 2012 Mineral transformations during high temperature treatment of antrachite, International Journal Coal Geology 94, p. 191-200.
Shell Mijnbouw N.V., 1978. Geological study of the Bukit Asam coal mines: Jakarta, p. 18.
Stach, E., Mackowsy, M., Teichmuller, M., 1982. Coal Petrology, 3rd: Berlin, Gebruder Borntaeger.
Susilawati, R., dan Ward, C.R., 2006. Metamorphism of mineral matter in coal from the Bukit Asam deposit, south Sumatra, Indonesia, International Journal of Coal Geology 68, p. 171–195.
Simandl, G.J., Paradis, S., and Akam, C., 2015. Graphite deposit types, their origin, and economic significance, dalam Prosiding, Symposium on Strategic and Critical Materials, November 2015: Victoria, British Columbia, British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines, British Columbia Geological Survey Paper 2015-3, p. 163-171.
Teichmüller, M., Teichmüller, R., 1979. Diagenesis of coal (coalification). In Larsen, G., Chilingar, G.V. (Eds), Diagenesis in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks: Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 207-246.
Thomas, L., 2002. Coal Geology: New Jersey, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 1-173.
##submission.copyrightStatement##
##submission.license.cc.by-nc-sa4.footer##Penulis yang naskahnya diterbitkan menyetujui ketentuan sebagai berikut:
Hak publikasi atas semua materi naskah jurnal yang diterbitkan/dipublikasikan dalam situs Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi ini dipegang oleh dewan redaksi dengan sepengetahuan penulis (hak moral tetap milik penulis naskah).
Ketentuan legal formal untuk akses artikel digital jurnal elektronik ini tunduk pada ketentuan lisensi Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), yang berarti Buletin Sumber Daya Geologi berhak menyimpan, mengalih media/format-kan, mengelola dalam bentuk pangkalan data (database), merawat, dan mempublikasikan artikel tanpa meminta izin dari Penulis selama tetap mencantumkan nama Penulis sebagai pemilik hak cipta.
Naskah yang diterbitkan/dipublikasikan secara cetak dan elektronik bersifat open access untuk tujuan pendidikan, penelitian, dan perpustakaan. Selain tujuan tersebut, dewan redaksi tidak bertanggung jawab atas pelanggaran terhadap hukum hak cipta.
